Understanding the Exadata Cloud Service Technical Architecture (Gen 1/OCI-C)

This infographic explores the technical architecture for Gen 1 Exadata Cloud Service. Gen 1 is the first generation of Exadata Cloud Service, which is deployed in conjunction with Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Classic (OCI-C).

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Exadata Cloud Service is offered on Oracle Cloud, using state-of-the-art Oracle-managed data centers. You can also choose Exadata Cloud at Customer, which provides Exadata Cloud Service hosted in your data center.

Through the Cloud Control Plane, Exadata Cloud Service is equipped with a Web-based self-service management interface, which provides interactive access to service administration functions. REST APIs are also provided for programmatic access to service administration functions.

There are a few other ways that you can connect to Exadata Cloud Service running on Oracle Cloud:

You can connect directly from cloud clients, which are applications already running in the Oracle Cloud. This includes Java applications connecting through JDBC running on the Java Cloud Service, or client applications connecting through Oracle Net (SQL*Net) running on a Compute Cloud Service instance.
You can also connect to Exadata Cloud Service from your on-premises applications by using Oracle Net. On Exadata Cloud Service, the default Oracle Net configuration secures data in transit by using native encryption and integrity capabilities.
Access to the database server operating system is provided using Secure Shell (SSH). This is primarily used for administration purposes.
A backup network is also provided. This network keeps high-load activities separate from application connections and is primarily used when Exadata Cloud Service database deployments are backed up to an Oracle Storage Cloud Service container.

To provide connectivity between your network and Oracle Cloud you can:

Use the public Internet and secure protocols, such as SSH and encrypted Oracle Net.
Configure an IPSec VPN to provide a secure connection between your network and Oracle Cloud over the Internet.
Use Oracle Cloud Infrastructure FastConnect, which is a secure, high-bandwidth, point-to-point networking solution that is integrated with Oracle Cloud.

The Exadata Cloud Service environment is firewall-protected and you must specify the clients that can access the service. The permitted clients are registered in the firewall using a whitelist.

The technical architecture for Exadata Cloud Service is essentially the same as for an on-premises implementation of Exadata, with each instance of Exadata Cloud Service being based on an Exadata configuration that contains a predefined number of database servers and a predefined number of Exadata Storage Servers, all tied together by a high-speed, low-latency InfiniBand network and intelligent Exadata software.

Exadata Cloud Service is offered in Quarter Rack, Half Rack or Full Rack system configurations.

Exadata Cloud Service configurations were first offered on Oracle Exadata X5 systems. More recent Exadata Cloud Service configurations are based on Oracle Exadata X6 or X7 systems.

The diagram illustrates a Quarter Rack configuration. Larger configurations are principally the same, except that they contain more database servers and Exadata Storage Servers.

Application users and administrators can connect only to the database servers, using the supplied client and backup network interfaces. Oracle manages all hardware, firmware, and the Exadata Storage Server software by using a separate management network.

A Quarter Rack contains two database servers and three Exadata Storage Servers.

The diagram displays the vital statistics for a Quarter Rack based on Oracle Exadata X7 hardware. For details of other hardware configurations, see Exadata System Configuration.

A Half Rack contains four database servers and six Exadata Storage Servers.

Note that this configuration differs from an Exadata on-premises Half Rack. For Exadata Cloud Service, a Half Rack contains six storage servers, while an on-premises Half Rack contains seven storage servers. Consequently, an Exadata Cloud Service Half Rack is exactly twice the size of a Quarter Rack.

The diagram displays the vital statistics for a Half Rack based on Oracle Exadata X7 hardware. For details of other hardware configurations, see Exadata System Configuration.

A Full Rack eight database servers and twelve Exadata Storage Servers.

Note that this configuration contains twelve storage servers, which differs from an on-premises Full Rack that contains fourteen storage servers. So an Exadata Cloud Service Full Rack is exactly twice the size of a Half Rack.

The diagram displays the vital statistics for a Full Rack based on Oracle Exadata X7 hardware. For details of other hardware configurations, see Exadata System Configuration.

Each Exadata database server contains a Virtual Machine (VM), known as DomU, running on a VM hypervisor, known as Dom0. This configuration ensures a distinct separation between the Oracle-managed and customer-managed components.

Oracle manages the hardware, firmware, and Dom0 by using the Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM) and Dom0 management network interfaces. Customers have no access to these interfaces. Minimal resources are allocated to Dom0; only two CPU cores and 16 GB of RAM.

Each DomU is provisioned with a complete Oracle Database installation that includes all the features of Oracle Database Enterprise Edition, plus all the database enterprise management packs and all the Enterprise Edition options, such as Oracle Database In-Memory and Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC).

Customers have secure access to each DomU using the client and backup networks. The client and backup networks use bonded network interfaces to maximize performance and availability.

Operating system security for DomU is based on an SSH public/private key pair. Customers register a public key in each DomU. Thereafter, the corresponding private key must be provided in order to connect to a DomU using SSH. At all times, the customer retains the private key that enables access to the DomU operating system.

As a result of this configuration, customers manage each DomU and all of the Oracle software that it contains. Oracle provides assistance, through the provision of cloud tools that simplify backup and patching operations, but ultimately it is the responsibility of the customer to perform these operations.

The diagram shows the DomU processor and RAM capacity for each X7 database server. For details of other hardware configurations, see Exadata System Configuration.

As part of provisioning each Oracle Exadata Database Machine environment, the storage space inside the Exadata Storage Servers is provisioned for use by Oracle Automatic Storage Management (ASM). By default, the following ASM disk groups are created:

The DATA disk group is intended for the storage of Oracle Database data files.
The RECO disk group is primarily used for storing the Fast Recovery Area (FRA), which is an area of storage where Oracle Database can create and manage various files related to backup and recovery, such as RMAN backups and archived redo log files.

For Exadata Cloud Service instances that are based on Oracle Exadata X5 hardware or Oracle Exadata X6 hardware, there are additional system disk groups that support various operational purposes. The DBFS disk group is primarily used to store the shared Oracle Clusterware files (Oracle Cluster Registry and voting disks), while the ACFS disk groups underpin shared file systems that are used to store software binaries (and patches) and files associated with the cloud-specific tooling that resides on your Exadata Cloud Service compute nodes. You must not remove or disable any of the system disk groups or related ACFS file systems. Compared to the other disk groups, the system disk groups are so small that they are typically ignored when discussing the overall storage capacity.

For Exadata Cloud Service instances that are based on Oracle Exadata X7 hardware, there are no additional system disk groups. On such instances, a small amount of space is allocated from the DATA disk group to support the shared file systems that are used to store software binaries (and patches) and files associated with the cloud-specific tooling.

In addition, you can optionally create the SPARSE disk group. The SPARSE disk group is required to support Exadata snapshots. Exadata snapshots enable space-efficient clones of Oracle databases that can be created and destroyed very quickly and easily. Snapshot clones are often used for development, testing, or other purposes that require a transient database.

As an input to the provisioning process, you must also decide if you intend to perform backups to the local storage within your Exadata Database Machine. Your backup storage choice profoundly affects how storage space in the Exadata Storage Servers is allocated to the ASM disk groups.

The following table outlines how storage capacity is allocated amongst the DATA, RECO, and SPARSE disk groups for each possible configuration.

Configuration Settings	DATA disk group	RECO disk group	SPARSE disk group
Database backups on Exadata Storage: No Create sparse disk group?: No	80%	20%	0% The SPARSE disk group is not created.
Database backups on Exadata Storage: Yes Create sparse disk group?: No	40%	60%	0% The SPARSE disk group is not created.
Database backups on Exadata Storage: No Create sparse disk group?: Yes	60%	20%	20%
Database backups on Exadata Storage: Yes Create sparse disk group?: Yes	35%	50%	15%

The diagram illustrates the storage in a Quarter Rack X7 configuration. The usable storage capacity is the storage available for Oracle Database files after taking into account high-redundancy ASM mirroring (triple mirroring), which is used to provide highly resilient database storage on all Exadata Cloud Service configurations. The usable storage capacity does not factor in the use of Exadata compression capabilities, which can be used to increase the effective storage capacity.

This diagram shows the overall architecture for a Quarter Rack X7 Exadata Cloud Service instance. View the previous slides to learn more about each component in the architecture.